Newly emerging nanotechnology application in anticancer drug formulations has revolutionized cancer therapy. Tissue-specific phyto-nanomedicine plays a vital role in advanced cancer diagnostics using liposome, micelle, and nanoparticles as a precise and effective delivery vehicle. This chapter specifically focuses on the therapeutic phytomolecules approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) along with phyto-chemopreventives currently on clinical trials (Phase-I/II/III/IV). Besides, detailed coverage is given to the FDA-approved nanotechnology-based formulations only in the areas of cancer theranostics via cell cycle arrest and apoptotic pathways including present challenges and future perspectives.Apigenin is known to have a broad-spectrum efficacy in oxidative stress and conditions due to inflammation, although weak absorption, fast metabolic rate and a fast elimination (systemic) limit the pharmacological efficacy of this drug. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/disodium-Cromoglycate.html Hence, we propose the usage of highly bioavailable Apigenin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) to recognize such limitations. The defensive function of Apigenin-SLNPs on renal damage induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in animals was studied.
We initially injected the rats with 35 mg kgstreptozocin intraperitoneally, and after 7 days, the rats were then injected 150 mg kgof metformin intragastrically followed by a once-daily intragastric dose of Apigenin-SLNP (25 or 50 mg kg) for a continuous period of 30 days. We then measured the level of insulin and blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in the tissues of the kidney. We also observed messenger-RNA expression of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in renal tissue the to Apigenin-SLNPs, in rats induced with streptozocin maybe through the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1/Nuclear Factor-κB.With the increasing production and application of engineered amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSiNPs), people have more opportunities to be exposed to aSiNPs. However, the knowledge of its adverse health effects and related mechanisms is still limited, compared with the well-studied crystalline micron-sized silica. Since small differences in the physical-chemical properties of nanoparticles could cause significant differences in the toxic effect, it is important to distinguish how these variations influence the outcoming toxicity. Notably, particle size, as one of the essential characterizations of aSiNPs, is relevant to its biological activities. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the relationship between the particle size of aSiNPs and its adverse biological effects. In order to avoid the influence of complicated in vivo experimental conditions on the toxic outcome, only in vitro toxicity studies which reported on the cytotoxic effect of different sizes aSiNPs were included. After the systematic literature retrieval, selection, and quality assessment process, 76 eligible scientific papers were finally included in this review. There were 76% of the studies that concluded a size-dependent cytotoxicity of aSiNPs, in which smaller-sized aSiNPs possessed greater toxicity. However, this trend could be modified by certain influence factors, such as the synthetic method of aSiNPs, particle aggregation state in cell culture medium, toxicity endpoint detection method, and some other experimental conditions. The effects of these influence factors on the size-dependent cytotoxicity of aSiNPs were also discussed in detail in the present review.To evaluate the accuracy of inflammatory biomarkers in differentiating patients with asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) from those with COPD alone.
Clinical data of 134 patients with COPD and 48 patients with ACO admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2016 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the best cut-off values of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), blood eosinophil counts (EOS), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for differentiating between ACO and COPD alone. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between these inflammatory biomarkers and the forced expiratory volume in one second/prediction (FEV%pred).
FeNO and EOS in the ACO patients were significantly higher than those in the COPD patients (FeNO median 37.50 vs 24.50 ppb, &lt; 0.001; EOS median 0.20 vs 0.10 ×10/L, = 0.004). FeNO was positively correlated with FEV%pfferentiating between ACO and COPD alone.
The inflammatory biomarkers FeNO and EOS can be used as indicators for differentiating between ACO and COPD alone.The validity of four-dimensional dynamic-ventilation CT scan for distinguishing COPD from asthma has not been established.
To assess whether four-dimensional dynamic-ventilation CT scan can aid in the diagnosis of COPD by comparing local lung movement during tidal breathing between COPD and asthma.
Thirty-three COPD patients (30 males and three females; median age 74; range 44-89 years) and 11 asthma patients (five males and six females; median age 55; range 32-75 years) underwent whole-lung dynamic-ventilation CT scan. CT data were reconstructed, one respiratory cycle to 10 phases, and in addtion we reconstructed threefold new phase data sets. We then analyzed local lung movement during tidal breathing using unpaired -tests and chi-squared tests.
The local lung movement in COPD patients was significantly smaller than in asthma patients, especially in the ventral part of the lung. This was so even in patients who had mild emphysema (Goddard score &lt;8).
Quantitative evaluation using four-dimensional dynamic-ventilation CT scan demonstrated that local lung movement during tidal breathing, particularly in the ventral lung, was smaller in COPD than in asthma patients, which may help distinguish COPD from asthma.
Quantitative evaluation using four-dimensional dynamic-ventilation CT scan demonstrated that local lung movement during tidal breathing, particularly in the ventral lung, was smaller in COPD than in asthma patients, which may help distinguish COPD from asthma.